{"id":945,"date":"2021-01-28T21:07:26","date_gmt":"2021-01-28T21:07:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/inkinsights.com\/?p=945"},"modified":"2021-01-29T19:08:26","modified_gmt":"2021-01-29T19:08:26","slug":"fire-and-snow","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/inkinsights.com\/?p=945","title":{"rendered":"Fire and Snow"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>I want to share a small story before to write on actual\ntopic, around 5-6 years ago after my work in the evening I was sitting in my\nlocality and watching children playing but then one young boy 12-13 years old\ncame up to me and we spoke a bit. But then he asked a question \u2013 \u201cLook dark\nclouds in the sky so will it be a heavy rainfall?\u201d I thought a bit and answered\nto him \u2013 \u201cLooks like yes it may rain heavy.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This small conversation made me think that if I could have a concrete answer then I could have answered him in a better way so he might have right education for his curiosity. Because whenever such kind of questions being asked then we usually use phrases like \u201cClimate Change or Global Warming\u201d for all answers related to <strong>CLIMATE.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I believe that many times children ask many intelligent questions and we can make them educate by giving intelligent answers, though they study all topics in school but as a responsible guardian\/guide\/parent we can try to impart some education from our side too. I remember when I used to teach street children mostly were from family where abuse and single parenthood, they didn\u2019t have resources to study or could manage to go to school. When I taught them at first it was hard because their language had many bad words but later they showed the real interest in studies and I taught them Geography and English. Some of them even learnt to write their name and knew the surrounding countries around the border of India. That gave me immense pleasure and joy that my effort of imparting some values in them will make the YOUTH of country strong, they might spread this education further to other children in their life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I didn\u2019t want to digress from the original topic but this story and my thoughts make me always motivated to write in an educational way so children and even adults could enhance their knowledge and could give to others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Let us start our\ntopic \u2013 FIRE and SNOW.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Have we ever noticed that we always speak about the <strong>AIR<\/strong> we breathe in Atmosphere? But do we really understand the <strong>ATMOSPHERE<\/strong> so to find the answer first we will understand the <strong>SPHERES of EARTH.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Earth is classified in to four categories \u2013 Land, Water,\nLiving Things &amp; Air. These four categories are called <strong>\u201cSPHERES\u201d.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are 4 spheres for <strong>EARTH<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>Lithosphere &#8211; Land<\/li><li>Hydrosphere \u2013 Water<\/li><li>Biosphere \u2013 Living Things<\/li><li>Atmosphere \u2013 Air<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Lithosphere<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It contains the cold, solid part of land of planet\u2019s crust\nor surface, the semi-solid land beneath the crust and the liquid land near the\ncentre of the planet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Hydrosphere<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It contains all solid, liquid and gaseous elements of\nplanet, it ranges from many kilometres inside the Lithosphere and upward about\n12 kilometres into the atmosphere. A small portion of water in the hydrosphere\nis pure and rest almost 97% of Earth\u2019s water is salty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Biosphere<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It contains the living beings of planet includes\nmicroorganisms, plants and animals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Atmosphere<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is the term which we talked about when I mentioned about AIR. It contains all the air on the Earth. It ranges from 1 m below the Earth\u2019s surface and more than 10000 kms above the planet\u2019s surface. The upper portion of the atmosphere protects the living beings of Biosphere from the SUN\u2019s ultraviolet radiations. When the air temperature of lower portion of atmosphere gets heated or cooled then the <strong>WEATHER<\/strong> also changes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To understand our topic we need to go deeper in the <strong>sub layers of ATMOSPHERE.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Atmosphere is sub divided based on the temperature and this\nvaries with the height from the Earth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol><li><strong>Troposphere \u2013<\/strong> It is the lowest part of the atmosphere where all commercial jet aircrafts and birds fly; it contains 75% of all the air in the atmosphere including clouds, rain, and snow.<\/li><li><strong>Stratosphere \u2013<\/strong> It is the layer which has direct exposure to ultraviolet radiation of the SUN thus it has the OZONE which protects us from UV radiation.<\/li><li>&nbsp;<strong>Mesosphere \u2013<\/strong> In this layer the temperature is the lowest up to -90 degrees Celsius.<\/li><li><strong>Thermosphere and Ionosphere \u2013<\/strong> In this layer again the temperature increases because of direct absorption of UV rays.<\/li><li><strong>Exosphere \u2013<\/strong> This layer contains mainly oxygen and hydrogen atoms.<\/li><li><strong>Magnetosphere \u2013<\/strong> Due to the gravitational pull this layer attracts electrons and protons which create like a belt around the globe. It is a magnetic spiral.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Measurements above Earth\u2019s surface \u2013 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Troposphere \u2013 0-10 Km above Earth<\/li><li>Stratosphere \u2013 10-30 Km<\/li><li>Mesosphere \u2013 30-50 Km<\/li><li>Thermosphere \u2013 50-400 Km<\/li><li>Exosphere &#8211; &gt; 400 Km<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>After studying the layers in the atmosphere we deal mostly\nwith Troposphere and Stratosphere, even our topic is also dealing with these\ntwo spheres.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I mentioned about <strong>FIRE\nand SNOW,<\/strong> now we will understand what kind of FIRE is having an impact on\nclimate and what we experience as a result.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mainly two types of FIRE I want to address \u2013 <strong>FOREST FIRE<\/strong> and <strong>VOLCANIC FIRE.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As I mentioned above that the AIR present in our atmosphere\nhas many millions of solid particles and liquid droplets. The quality of AIR we\nbreathe is not good as it looks clean because it has <strong>AEROSOLS.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>AEROSOLS can be found in the air over oceans, deserts,\nmountains, forests, ice, and many other geographical areas of our ecosystem.\nAEROSOLS are very tiny but their impact is huge to make a change in the climate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Climatologists categorize these <strong>AEROSOLS<\/strong> based on their chemical composition, main types are<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>SULPHATES<\/li><li>ORGANIC CARBON<\/li><li>BLACK CARBON<\/li><li>NITRATES<\/li><li>MINERAL DUST<\/li><li>SEA SALT<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>To understand <strong>AEROSOLS<\/strong> better let us divide in two categories \u2013 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>NATURE made AEROSOLS<\/li><li>HUMAN made AEROSOLS<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>&nbsp;Nature made AEROSOLS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Almost 90% of <strong>AEROSOLS<\/strong> contribution comes from the natural sources. I mentioned above two types of <strong>FIRE<\/strong> \u2013 <strong>Forrest Fire<\/strong> and <strong>Volcanic Fire.<\/strong> Both are the biggest contributors of <strong>AEROSOLS<\/strong> in the atmosphere due to these two activities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol><li><strong>Volcanic Aerosols &#8211; <\/strong>Volcanic eruptions eject massive amount of ASH into the air, it contains <strong>SULPHUR DIOXIDE<\/strong> and other gases which have <strong>SULPHATES.<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Forest Fires &#8211; <\/strong>Burning of forest fires also produced aerosols like <strong>ORGANIC CARBON.<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Plants and Vegetation &#8211; <\/strong>Some plants produce gases which react with other substances in the air to yield aerosols.<\/li><li><strong>Oceans &#8211; <\/strong>Microalgae produce a sulphurous gas called Dimethlysulphide which finally gets converted into <strong>SULPHATES<\/strong> in the atmosphere.<\/li><li><strong>Deserts &#8211; <\/strong>Sandstorms take small pieces of dust from desert into the atmosphere and wind from ocean waves carry the sea salt then both get accumulated in the atmosphere.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Human made AEROSOLS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The 10% of aerosols are considered anthropogenic or human\nmade. The sources of human made aerosols are from industrial areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>Fossil fuels combustion produces large amounts of sulphur dioxide which reacts with water vapour and other gases in the atmosphere to create <strong>SULPHATE<\/strong> Aerosols.<\/li><li>Farm waste create SMOKE that has comprises <strong>ORGANIC CARBON<\/strong> and <strong>BLACK CARBON.<\/strong><\/li><li>Other sources are automobiles, power plants, smelters, cigarettes, cooking stoves, fire places, etc.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>As we understood the types of Aerosols and the sources now we will move to the side of <strong>IMPACT of Aerosols on CLIMATE.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Climatic Impact<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aerosols have a major impact on climate based on their chemical properties. This happens when aerosols react with the incoming <strong>SUNLIGHT.<\/strong> We can again categorize into two ways \u2013 <strong>ABSORPTION and REFLECTION.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Reflection of Sunlight<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aerosols effect on light depends on the composition and\ncolour of the particles. Bright coloured or translucent particles tend to reflect\nradiation in all directions, aerosols like pure Sulphates, Nitrates reflects sunlight\nand send it back to the space. So which are the aerosols which reflect the sunlight,\nthey are &#8211; &nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Sulphates (Source \u2013 Volcanic Ash)<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Sea Salt (Oceans)<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Nitrates (Source \u2013 Soil, Air, Water) <\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Dust (Source \u2013 Deserts)<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Organic Carbon (Forest Fires) <\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Plain Bright Land (Source \u2013 Land left after forest fire)<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>All the above aerosols react with sunlight and reflecting it\nback to the space, this results that sunlight does not reach to the Earth and\nthe result is \u2018Surface Cooling\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For an easy understanding this picture of Volcanic Eruption will explain how it produces Sulphates through ASH.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For an easy understanding this picture of Volcanic Eruption\nwill explain how it produces Sulphates through ASH.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"322\" height=\"235\" src=\"https:\/\/inkinsights.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-954\" srcset=\"https:\/\/inkinsights.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/1.png 322w, https:\/\/inkinsights.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/1-300x219.png 300w, https:\/\/inkinsights.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/1-320x235.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 322px) 100vw, 322px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>(Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers\/langley\/news\/factsheets\/Aerosols.html\">https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers\/langley\/news\/factsheets\/Aerosols.html<\/a>)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Volcanic Ash contains Sulphur Dioxide, Hydrochloric Acid\nwhich creates a dense cloud then Sulphur Dioxide converts into Sulphuric Acid\nwhich stays in the atmosphere for a long period of time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Historical examples of <strong>Low Temperatures<\/strong> recorded after major volcanic eruptions like \u2013<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>1991 &#8211;<\/strong>\nEruption of Mount Pinatubo in Philippines ejected approximately 20 million tons\nof Sulphur Dioxide which cooled the global temperatures for about 2-3 years.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>1883 &#8211;<\/strong>\nEruption of Krakatau again cooled the global temperature up to 5 years.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>1881-<\/strong>\nEruption of Mount Tambora resulted two years of severe winters without summer.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Absorption of\nSunlight<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Another impact of aerosols when they absorb the sunlight,\nthese aerosols are \u2013 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Black Carbon (Source &#8211; Forest Fires)<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Pollution (Source \u2013 Industries, Automobiles)<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Greenhouse Gases (Source \u2013 Fossil Fuels Combustion)<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;Black Carbon aerosols\nabsorb all the sunlight and results in increase in global temperatures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Recent Events<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Forest Fires<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to website &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/\">https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Estimation of 52,113 Wild Fires approximately burnt 8,889,297\nacres in alone year 2020 in areas like Australia, California \u2013 USA, Ukraine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Effect \u2013<\/strong> Huge\namount of black carbon produced and some organic compound also but primarily\nthere will be an effect of rise in global temperature due to constant burning of\ntrees. But we need to understand when all the forest burnt down then plain land\nleft which ultimately reflects sunlight; this has resultant effect in COOLING\nthe surface of Earth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Volcanic Eruptions<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>From the years 2018 \u2013 2020 there were many volcanic\neruptions but if we consider the VEI which is Volcanic Explosive Index (Power\nof Explosion) then on the level of 3-4 we had some big volcanic eruptions \u2013 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>2018 \u2013 Anak Krakatoa, Indonesia<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>2019 \u2013 Mount Sinabung (Indonesia), Raikoke (Russia), Ulawun (Papua New Guinea), Shiveluch (Russia)<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>2020 \u2013 Taal, Philippines<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Both the incidents are capable enough to drop the global temperatures for the coming 2-3 years.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>My Further Research<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I am still trying to study in depth the climatic effect of\nAerosols through natural events but for that I will get in touch with\nGeologists and Oceanographers then I could write further on this topic. I tried\nmy level best to give basic understanding of <strong>CLIMATE CHANGE.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Next time when any kid asks about climate then we have some scientific\nreasoning to explain rather just saying \u201cGLOBAL WARMING and ICE MELTING at\nPOLES\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A tool which is very useful to understand the climate change\nby measuring the AEROSLS is <strong>RADIOMETER.<\/strong>\nIt measures the \u2018Optical Depth of Aerosols\u201d which used by the climatologists to\npredict the pattern of climate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I observed this is an ongoing natural activity of Rise in Temperature and Cooling down due to natural events but a real huge change in <strong>CLIMATE<\/strong> can come when there is a change in orientation or angle of <strong>Obliquity of Earth\u2019s Tilt.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Great Serbian Mathematician <strong>\u2018Milutin Milankovitch\u2019<\/strong> studied the <strong>\u201cIce Ages\u201d<\/strong> and wrote extensively in his research <strong>\u201cMilankovicth Cycles\u201d<\/strong> which stated &nbsp;three big reasons of huge climate changes \u2013 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Orbital Eccentricity<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Angle of Obliquity<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Precession of Equinox &nbsp;<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>These three are very extensively explained in the books\nwhich will take a huge separate article to write but still I made an effort in\none article called \u201cAstronomical Cycles\u201d wrote on 23<sup>rd<\/sup> Dec 2020, <strong>link is &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/inkinsights.com\/?p=920\">https:\/\/inkinsights.com\/?p=920<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the article link mentioned &#8211; I explained to some certain extent\nall the above 3 mentioned reasons of climatic change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With my attempt to write an article on Climate \u2013 <strong>\u2018Fire and Snow\u2019<\/strong> I put forward the\nscientific reasoning which satisfies my own questions to myself. I hope even it\nhelps the readers whether children or adults because <strong>\u2018Learning Never Ends\u2019.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Disclaimer:<\/strong> All\nthe facts and figures are collected from websites for which sources are given\nat the end. If I made any mistake then pardon me since I am from the field of\nEconomics and Finance but have interest in Geology and Oceanography.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Sources:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Volcanic_winter\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Volcanic_winter<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/in-vicious-cycle-snowmelt-fuels-wildfires-and-wildfires-melt-snow\/\">https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/in-vicious-cycle-snowmelt-fuels-wildfires-and-wildfires-melt-snow\/<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2020\/02\/200204121452.htm\">https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2020\/02\/200204121452.htm<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-019-09935-y\">https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-019-09935-y<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/weather.com\/science\/environment\/news\/2020-02-05-wildfires-and-snowpack-the-unlikely-pairing\">https:\/\/weather.com\/science\/environment\/news\/2020-02-05-wildfires-and-snowpack-the-unlikely-pairing<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/insideclimatenews.org\/news\/23082018\/extreme-wildfires-climate-change-global-warming-air-pollution-fire-management-black-carbon-co2\/\">https:\/\/insideclimatenews.org\/news\/23082018\/extreme-wildfires-climate-change-global-warming-air-pollution-fire-management-black-carbon-co2\/<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/earthobservatory.nasa.gov\/features\/Aerosols\">https:\/\/earthobservatory.nasa.gov\/features\/Aerosols<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers\/langley\/news\/factsheets\/Aerosols.html\">https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers\/langley\/news\/factsheets\/Aerosols.html<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/niwa.co.nz\/education-and-training\/schools\/students\/layers\">https:\/\/niwa.co.nz\/education-and-training\/schools\/students\/layers<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/\">https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>I want to share a small story before to write on actual topic, around 5-6 years ago after my work in the evening I was sitting in my locality and watching children playing but then one young boy 12-13 years old came up to me and we spoke a bit. But then he asked a<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":817,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[11],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/inkinsights.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/2.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/inkinsights.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/945"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/inkinsights.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/inkinsights.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inkinsights.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inkinsights.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=945"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/inkinsights.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/945\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":962,"href":"https:\/\/inkinsights.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/945\/revisions\/962"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inkinsights.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/817"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/inkinsights.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=945"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inkinsights.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=945"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inkinsights.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=945"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}